Metadata
This page aims to give an overview of the current state of metadata in Ogg and the ongoing projects towards improving it.
Vorbiscomments
All the Xiph.org codecs have some internal mechanism for including metadata about the current stream. Generally, this is one of the codec headers, and in the words of the vorbis spec, "It is meant for short, text comments...much like someone jotting a quick note on the bottom of a CDR."
Vorbiscomments store metadata describing the stream in key=value pairs, such as "ARTIST=Elvis", "TITLE=Blue Suede Shoes". Multiple copies of any given key are allowed (for example you can specify ARTIST several times for multiple performers). The specification has several suggested keys: TITLE, VERSION, ALBUM, TRACKNUMBER, ARTIST, PERFORMER, COPYRIGHT, LICENSE, ORGANIZATION, DESCRIPTION, DATE, LOCATION, CONTACT, ISRC. See the specification for the intent of each one.
Improved metadata
Vorbiscomments work well enough for most things, and can be overloaded/abused (depending on your point of view) for most other things. But there are three major requirements that point to the design of an external metadata format; one that can be interleaved with the other streams in a container.
- Machinability There are a number of items of metadata that a player will want to parse and take action on. While there are usually 'convention' schemes for doing this with the embedded comment headers, this is much easier if there is a separate metadata stream designed for such use, instead of having to do best-effort parsing of natural language comments. For example, a video file with multiple audio tracks can specify the language of each one; a player than can parse these reliably can match them against a language preference list configured by the user to automatically select and begin playback of the best option.
- Kitchen Sink There are a minority of people who care passionately about having every detail about a track available. In the sense of conserving such information, and providing an equivalent to liner notes for online distribution, this is a goal worth supporting. However, the simple unstructured key-value pairs offered by the inline metadata are unwieldy for this level of detail. How do you tell the 2nd unit Assistant Director from the USA unit Assistant Director? How do you indicate which artist played tenor sax in the solo?
- Addressability The internal comment metadata headers are by necessity attached to a single content stream. This is useful for some appication, but a limitation in others. In a multiplexed stream, which set of comments refers to the collection as a whole? (By convention, in Ogg, it's the first logical bitstream occuring, but we can do better.) A separate metadata stream type must address this issue of collective metadata while still allowing description of individual streams. It should also allow temporal addressability, so that changes can be described. Because the in-stream comment metadata are part of the codec headers, it cannot change over the course of the stream, and allowing additional comment packets elsewhere in the stream presents seeking challenges. In the Ogg container this can be resolved by inserting a chain boundary, but this is a poor option for very-low-bitrate streams and unreliable transports such as RTP.
Mechanisms
- VorbisComment, basic cataloguing information.
- Ogg_Skeleton is emerging as the way to approach machineable metadata.
- Media Description and Metadata for the Ogg Container Format (MDMF), a proposal for an extensive metadata format based on XML.
- RDF + dublin core
- MusicBrainz XML MetaData
Suggestions for features or applications are welcome at the
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